Research Article
Year 2022,
Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 493 - 511, 31.10.2022
Abstract
This research aims to develop a valid, reliable, and valuable measurement tool that measures teachers' empathy skills. Scale development stages can be listed as follows: the creation of items, getting expert opinion, pre-test, validity study, factor analysis, and reliability study. The developed scale is a five-point Likert-empathy scale. The scale was applied to 311 female and 287 male teachers, for a total of 598 teachers in Duhok, Iraq. At the end of these applications, When the item-total correlation values of the scale were examined, it was observed that some items showed weak correlation (r< .30), so it was decided to remove 20 items out of 27 items in the Teacher Empathy Scale (TES), and a 7-item scale has been finalized. Item number 8 will be graded in reverse. A high score indicates a high empathic tendency; a low score indicates a low empathic tendency. Within the scope of the validity and reliability studies of the teacher empathy scale, Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient analysis was performed before the general reliability and calculated as 0.771 after the analysis. In order to check whether the data structure of this developed scale is appropriate, factor analysis was checked using KMO and Barlett test methods. Finally, the value of the KMO test was determined to be 0.848, and the Bartlett test was 0.878. As a result of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, a valid and reliable scale consisting of 7 items with a Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.771 was developed. It was concluded that the scale is reliable and valid for measuring teachers' empathic tendencies.
Keywords
References
- Akbaba, S. (2006). Eğitimde motivasyon. Atatürk Üniversitesi Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13, 343-361.
- Bahr, P. R. (2008, February 22). Does mathematics remediation work?: A comparative analysis of academic attainment among community college students. Research in Higher Education, 49(5), 420–450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-008-9089-4
- Büyüköztürk, S. E. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi. http://doi.org/10.14527/9789944919289
- Coopersmith, S. (1974). The antecedents of self-esteem. W.H. Freeman.
- Davis, M. H. (1983, January). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
- Davis, M. (2010). Practising democracy in the NCLB elementary classroom, submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree master of science in education requirements. San Rafael, CA: Dominican University of California. https://doi.org/10.33015/dominican.edu/2010.edu.07
- Davis. M. (2016). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. Selected Documents in Psychology, 120-136.
- De Wied, M., Goudena, P. P., & Matthys, W. (2005). Empathy in boys with disruptive behaviour disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(8), 867–880. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00389.x
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- Dymond, F. (1949). A scale for the measurement of empathic ability. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 13(2), 127–133. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0061728
- Dökmen, Ü. (2002). İletişim Çatışmaları ve Empati (20. Baskı). Sistem Yayınları
- Feschbach N.D, F. S. (2009). Empathy education. In: decent J, Massachusetts. England: MIT Press.
- Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS (4th ed.). London: Sage
- Hogan, R. (1969). Development of an Empathy Scale. Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 307-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0027580
- Karasar, N. (2009). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
- Kostić, J. S., Nešić, M., Stanković, M., Žikić, O. & Marković, J. (2016). Evaluating empathy in adolescents with conduct disorders. Vojnosanit Pregled, 73(5), 429–434. http://doi.org/10.2298/VSP150121031K
- Mehrabian, A. & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40, 525-543. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1972.tb00078.x
- Montag, C., Brockmann, E. M., Lehmann, A, Müller, D.J., Rujescu, D., & Gallinat, J. (2012). Association between oxytocin receptor gene polymorphisms and self-rated ‘empathic concern’ in Schizophrenia. PLoS ONE 7(12), e51882. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051882
- Nerdrum, P., & Lundquist, K. (1995, May 31). Does Participation in Communication Skills Training Increase Student Levels of Communicated Empathy? Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 11(1–2), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.1300/j067v11n01_10
- Rogers, C. R. (1975). Empathic: an unappreciated way of being. The Counseling Psychologist, 5, 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/001100007500500202
- Tamura, A., Sugiura, Y., Sugiura, T. & Moriya, J. (2016). Attention moderates the relationship between primary psychopathy and affective empathy in undergraduate students. Psychological Reports, 119(3), 608–629. http://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116667699
- Wang, Q., Zhang, Z., Dong, F., Chen, L., Zheng, L., Guo, X. & Li, J. (2014). Anterior insula GABA levels correlate with emotional aspects of empathy: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. PLoS ONE, 9(11), e113845. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113845
- Yörükoğlu, A. (2008). Çocuk ruh sağlığı-29. Özgür Yayınları
Year 2022,
Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 493 - 511, 31.10.2022
Abstract
Bu araştırmanın amacı, öğretmenlerin empati becerilerini ölçen geçerli, güvenilir ve kullanışlı bir ölçme aracı geliştirmektir. Ölçek geliştirme aşamaları maddelerin oluşturulması, uzman görüşü alınması, ön test, geçerlik çalışması, faktör analizi ve güvenirlik çalışması olarak sıralanabilir. Geliştirilen ölçek, beşli kert türünde bir öğretmen empati ölçeğidir. Öğretmen empati ölçeği Duhok, Irak’ta resmi okullarda görev yapan 311 kadın ve 287 erkek toplamda ise 598 öğretmene uygulanmıştır. Uygulama sonucunda Öğretmen Empati Ölçeği’ndeki (ÖEÖ) madde toplam korelasyon değerleri incelendiğinde maddelerin zayıf korelasyon gösterdikleri görüldüğünden (r< .30) 27 maddeden 20 maddenin çıkarılmasına karar verilmiş ve 7 maddelik ölçek son halini almıştır. Uygulanan ölçekte olumsuz 8. madde ters çevrilerek puanlanacaktır. Toplam puanın artması empatinin yüksek olduğunu ifade etmektedir. Öğretmenlerin empati ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları kapsamında genel güvenirlik öncesi Cronbach’s Alpha güvenirlik katsayısı analizi yapılmış, analizden sonra 0.771 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Geliştirilen bu ölçeğin veri yapısının uygun olup olmadığını kontrol etmek için, KMO ve Barlett test yöntemlerinden yararlanılarak faktör analizi kontrol edilmiştir. Bunun sonucunda KMO testinin değeri 0,848, Bartlett testi ise 878,969 olarak belirlenmiştir (p <0, 05). Sonuç olarak yapılan açımlayıcı faktör analizi ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi neticesinde Cronbach’s Alpha değeri 0.771 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak öğretmenlerin empati düzeylerini ölçen geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek elde edilmiştir.
Keywords
References
- Akbaba, S. (2006). Eğitimde motivasyon. Atatürk Üniversitesi Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13, 343-361.
- Bahr, P. R. (2008, February 22). Does mathematics remediation work?: A comparative analysis of academic attainment among community college students. Research in Higher Education, 49(5), 420–450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-008-9089-4
- Büyüköztürk, S. E. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi. http://doi.org/10.14527/9789944919289
- Coopersmith, S. (1974). The antecedents of self-esteem. W.H. Freeman.
- Davis, M. H. (1983, January). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
- Davis, M. (2010). Practising democracy in the NCLB elementary classroom, submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree master of science in education requirements. San Rafael, CA: Dominican University of California. https://doi.org/10.33015/dominican.edu/2010.edu.07
- Davis. M. (2016). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. Selected Documents in Psychology, 120-136.
- De Wied, M., Goudena, P. P., & Matthys, W. (2005). Empathy in boys with disruptive behaviour disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(8), 867–880. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00389.x
- Duan, C., & Hill, C. E. (1996). The current state of empathy research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(3), 261-274. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.43.3.261
- Dymond, F. (1949). A scale for the measurement of empathic ability. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 13(2), 127–133. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0061728
- Dökmen, Ü. (2002). İletişim Çatışmaları ve Empati (20. Baskı). Sistem Yayınları
- Feschbach N.D, F. S. (2009). Empathy education. In: decent J, Massachusetts. England: MIT Press.
- Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS (4th ed.). London: Sage
- Hogan, R. (1969). Development of an Empathy Scale. Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 307-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0027580
- Karasar, N. (2009). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
- Kostić, J. S., Nešić, M., Stanković, M., Žikić, O. & Marković, J. (2016). Evaluating empathy in adolescents with conduct disorders. Vojnosanit Pregled, 73(5), 429–434. http://doi.org/10.2298/VSP150121031K
- Mehrabian, A. & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40, 525-543. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1972.tb00078.x
- Montag, C., Brockmann, E. M., Lehmann, A, Müller, D.J., Rujescu, D., & Gallinat, J. (2012). Association between oxytocin receptor gene polymorphisms and self-rated ‘empathic concern’ in Schizophrenia. PLoS ONE 7(12), e51882. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051882
- Nerdrum, P., & Lundquist, K. (1995, May 31). Does Participation in Communication Skills Training Increase Student Levels of Communicated Empathy? Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 11(1–2), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.1300/j067v11n01_10
- Rogers, C. R. (1975). Empathic: an unappreciated way of being. The Counseling Psychologist, 5, 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/001100007500500202
- Tamura, A., Sugiura, Y., Sugiura, T. & Moriya, J. (2016). Attention moderates the relationship between primary psychopathy and affective empathy in undergraduate students. Psychological Reports, 119(3), 608–629. http://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116667699
- Wang, Q., Zhang, Z., Dong, F., Chen, L., Zheng, L., Guo, X. & Li, J. (2014). Anterior insula GABA levels correlate with emotional aspects of empathy: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. PLoS ONE, 9(11), e113845. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113845
- Yörükoğlu, A. (2008). Çocuk ruh sağlığı-29. Özgür Yayınları
There are 23 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Educational Psychology |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | October 20, 2022 |
| Publication Date | October 31, 2022 |
| Submission Date | December 28, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2022 Volume: 4 Issue: 3 |
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