Research Article
The application of 1958 and 1970 Agrarian Reform Acts in HawlerLiwa (Governorate) and its effects a historical study
Abstract
The
14th of July in 1958 was a turning point in the history of contemporary Iraq
politically, socially, and economically. One of the main changes was the
acquisition of agricultural lands through the enactment of the "Agrarian
Reform Act" in 1958, which remained in place until the enactment of
another act, the Agrarian Reform Act of 1970. These laws aimed to put an end to
large ownership of agricultural land in Iraq by distributing it among the
farmers. This study aims to highlight the application of the two acts and their
effects on the governorate (Liwa) of Hawler (Erbil). It approaches the subject
through two different topics.
The
first one tackles the application of 1958 Agrarian Reform Act in Hawler
governorate. We analyze the main articles of the 1958 act, and then discuss the
land ownership in the governorate, the area of lands confiscated from
landlords, and the process of distributing those lands to the peasants. This
sectionalso highlights the effects of land distribution on production relations
before looking at the effects of the Kurdish Revolt of September 1961 on the
application of the Agrarian Reform Act of 1958.
The second topic is devoted to analyzing the
application of the Agrarian Reform Act of 1970 in Hawler governorate in the
same way as the first topic; we also note some differences between the two
acts, while looking also at the area of the land that was distributed and the
number of beneficiaries in the Hawler governorate. This topic also focuses on
some of the shortcomings of the 1970 Act, especially nothing that some of its
articles did not take into account the specific situation in Kurdistan.
References
- 1. Unpublished Documents: Iraqi National Library Archives, Ministry of Agrarian Reform, Directorate of Seizure and General Estimation, File No: 39-4207001, Subject: Ahmed Pasha Husein Agha, No: 35078, 17/11/1959. Iraqi National Library Archives, Supreme Commission for Agrarian Reform, General Secretariat, Subject: Estimation the Lands of Hamad Ahmed Pasha, No: 1029, 5/6/1960. Iraqi National Library Archives, Ministry of Agrarian Reform, Directorate of Seizure and General Estimation,the Presidency of Estimation Committee in Erbil, Subject: Estimate the Lands of Hamad Ahmed Pasha, No: 1029, 12/9/1960. Iraqi National Library Archives, Ministry of Agrarian Reform, Directorate of General Distribution, Subject: Distribution the Lands of Qaraj Area within the Makhmour district – the Liwa of Erbil - on the Farmers, No: 401-520700, 28/5/1962. Erbil Governorate Archive, Ministry of Agrarian Reform, Directorate of Agrarian Reform in Erbil, The Secret Office, Subject: Commencment of the Work of Research Committees in Qushtaba and Guer districts within the Erbil Liwa, No: 45, 26/6/1966. Erbil Governorate Archive, Command of the First Division, General Staff, Secret, Subject: Information Support, No: 2769, 16/11/1966. Erbil Governorate Archive, Public Security, Directorate of Erbil Liwa Security, The Secret Office, Subject: Situation in the area of the Erbil Liwa, No: 151, 20/2/1967.
- 2. Government and Political Parties publications: Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Planing, Central Statistics Department, Results of agricultural and animal statistics in Iraq 1958-1959, Baghdad, 1961. Repablic of Iraq, Committee for Celebrations of the Third Anniversary of the Law of Agrarian Reform, Al-Messaha Press, Baghdad, 1962. Directorate of Guidance and Publishing in the Ministry of Agrarian Reform, Agrarian Reform in its Three Years, Trade and Printing Company, Baghdad, 1962. Supreme Commission for Agrarian Reform, Agrarian Reform Laws / Agrarian Reform Law No. 30 of 1958 and its Amendments, and the regulations, instructions, statements issued thereunder and related laws, Al-Ani Press, Baghdad, 1965. The Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate of the General Office, Guide to the agricultural sector in Iraq for the years 1968-1969, Ministry of Agriculture Press, Baghdad, 1970. Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Planing, Central Statistical Organization, Annual Abstract of Statics 1970, Central Statical Organazation Press, Baghdad, 1971. Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Planing, Central Statistical Organization, Results of 1971 Census of Agriculture, Part I, Central Statical Organazation Press, Baghdad, 1973. Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Planing, Central Statistical Organization, Annual Abstract of Statics 1975, Central Statical Organazation Press, Baghdad, 1976. Kurdistan Regional Government, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Names of land owners subject to the laws of Agrarian Reform in the Governorate of Erbil between the years 1958-1975, unpublished statistic. Kurdistan Democratic Party, the Kurdish Liberation Movement, the political report ratified by the Conference Party held in August 1976 and approved by the 9th Conference of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in November 1979, without printing place and date . Kurdistan Democratic Party, Political Bureau, Central Bureau for Studies and research, The Land problem and the reality of agriculture in Iraqi Kurdistan, without printing place, 1996.
- 3. Theses and Dissertations: Al-Bayati, A. (1990). Economic Conditions in Iraq 1932-1939, unpublished M.A Dissertation. Faculty of Arts, University of Baghdad. Ibrahim, I. (2004). Agrarian Reform Policy in Iraq in the Development of the Agricultural Sector 1968-1990. Unpublished M.A Dissertation, The Higher Institute of Political and International Studies. Mustansiriya University. Nuri, A. (1996). Problems of Agricultural Ownership and its Role in Obstructing Agricultural Development in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq for the Years 1991-1995 / Sulaymaniyah Governorate, as a Model, Unpublished M.A Dissertation, Faculty of Administration and Economics. Salahuddin University.
- 4. Books: A. In Arabic: Al-Alwan, A. (1961). Studies in Agrarian Reform. Baghdad. Al-Amiri, R. (2008). Masoud Mohammad and His Political Role in Iraq (1919-1968). A Historical study. Baghdad. Al-Ani, N. (2005). History of the Iraqi Ministries in the Republican era 1958-1968. Baghdad. Al-Atiyah, A. (1965). Agrarian Reform in Iraq and Economic Development. Baghdad. Al-Dahiri, A. (1970). Economics of Agrarian Reform. Baghdad. Al-Hafeed, S. (1993). The Economic Situation in Iraqi Kurdistan and its Most Important Problems. Part II / Economics of Erbil Governorate. Sulaymaniyah. Al-Zubaidi, L. (1979). The Revolution of 14 July 1958 in Iraq. Baghdad. Habib, K. (1976). Studies in Reform and productive agricultural cooperation. Baghdad. Habib, K. Profiles from the Struggle of the National Liberation Movement of the Kurdish people in Iraqi Kurdistan. Erbil. 2005. Kadir, J. (2013). Resolutions of the dissolved Revolution Command Council Relating to Kurds and Kurdistan. Erbil. Karam, A. (1972). About Agrarian Reform / Comparative Study of the Laws of Agrarian Reform in Iraq, Syria and Egypt. Najaf. Mevan, A.The Kurdish National Liberation Movement in Iraqi Kurdistan 1958-1963, Erbil, Education Ministry Press, 2005. Rahma, M. (2000). Agricultural Policies in the Arab Countries. Beirut. Rasoul, I. (2005). Erbil / A Historical Study in its Intellectual and Political Role 1939-1958. Sulaymaniyah. Sabahi, A. (2009). Attitudes about the Agricultural Issue in Iraq. Baghdad. 2009. Sherif, T. personalities remembering. Erbil. Sherzad, Z. (2010). The Revolutionary Command Council of Kurdistan-Iraq 1964-1970. Ageneral Historical- Political Study. Dohuk.
- B.In Kurdish: Barzani, M. (2004). Barzani and the Kurdish Libreration Movement, Part.3, Vol. 1, The September Revolation 1961-1975. Erbil. Edmonds, S. (2004). Kurds, Turks and Arabs, Translated by: Hamid Gauhari. Erbil. Ghafur, A. (2015). The geographical dictionary of Erbil. Erbil. Hariri, N. (2009). Memoirs of Najmadin Mamo Hariri. Erbil. Hay, W.R. (2010). Two years in Kurdistan. Translated by: Luqman Bapir. Erbil. Khoshnaw, Sh. (2012). Erbil between the Years (1958-1963). A study in the Political Condition. Erbil. Mentashashvili, A.M. (2008). The Kurds: A Summary of Social- Economic Relations, Culture and Living, Translated by: Izadden Mustafa Rasul. Duhok. Muhamed, M. (2016). The Journey of My Life. Erbil. Rasul, F. (1997). In a Far and Long Caravan. Stokholm. Taha, H. (2002). The Uprising of the Farmers of Erbil Plain in 1953 as it is. Erbil. 5. Articles and research: Khairy, Z. (September 1975). Issues on Agrarian Reform, Beri nwe (Newspaper). V: (158). Mohammed, A. (2007). Notes on the Law of Agrarian Reform No. 117 of 1970 (effective) and its impact on agriculture in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Tarazw / Arabic Section (Magazine). V: (31).
- 6. Magazines and newspapers: A. newspapers: Al-Waqeeh Al-Iraqia, (1970). Baghdad, Vo: (44), 30 September 1958, Vo: (1884), 30 May Hawkari, (1972). Baghdad, Vo: (110), 1 April Khabat, (1960). Baghdad, Vo: (326), 30 September B. Magazines: Al-Islah Al- Zirahi, (1961). Baghdad, Vo: (12) Al-Thaqafa Al-Jadida, (1969). Baghdad, Vo: (4), July Al-Kadir, (1971). Vo: (9), July Hataw, (1958). Erbil, Vo: (136), 20 May
- 7. Personal Interviews: Arsan, M. (2017). Personal Interview. November 10 Azad, J. (2018). Personal Interview. March 4 Hamen, M. (2017). Personal Interview.July 26 Ismail, Sh. (2017). Personal Interview. July 11. Kamaran, F. (2017). Personal Interview. March 3 Karem, A. (2017). Personal Interview. July 13. Muhamed, D. (2017). Personal Interview. October 2. Said, K. (2017). Personal Interview. July 16.
Year 2019,
Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 290 - 311, 25.01.2019
Abstract
References
- 1. Unpublished Documents: Iraqi National Library Archives, Ministry of Agrarian Reform, Directorate of Seizure and General Estimation, File No: 39-4207001, Subject: Ahmed Pasha Husein Agha, No: 35078, 17/11/1959. Iraqi National Library Archives, Supreme Commission for Agrarian Reform, General Secretariat, Subject: Estimation the Lands of Hamad Ahmed Pasha, No: 1029, 5/6/1960. Iraqi National Library Archives, Ministry of Agrarian Reform, Directorate of Seizure and General Estimation,the Presidency of Estimation Committee in Erbil, Subject: Estimate the Lands of Hamad Ahmed Pasha, No: 1029, 12/9/1960. Iraqi National Library Archives, Ministry of Agrarian Reform, Directorate of General Distribution, Subject: Distribution the Lands of Qaraj Area within the Makhmour district – the Liwa of Erbil - on the Farmers, No: 401-520700, 28/5/1962. Erbil Governorate Archive, Ministry of Agrarian Reform, Directorate of Agrarian Reform in Erbil, The Secret Office, Subject: Commencment of the Work of Research Committees in Qushtaba and Guer districts within the Erbil Liwa, No: 45, 26/6/1966. Erbil Governorate Archive, Command of the First Division, General Staff, Secret, Subject: Information Support, No: 2769, 16/11/1966. Erbil Governorate Archive, Public Security, Directorate of Erbil Liwa Security, The Secret Office, Subject: Situation in the area of the Erbil Liwa, No: 151, 20/2/1967.
- 2. Government and Political Parties publications: Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Planing, Central Statistics Department, Results of agricultural and animal statistics in Iraq 1958-1959, Baghdad, 1961. Repablic of Iraq, Committee for Celebrations of the Third Anniversary of the Law of Agrarian Reform, Al-Messaha Press, Baghdad, 1962. Directorate of Guidance and Publishing in the Ministry of Agrarian Reform, Agrarian Reform in its Three Years, Trade and Printing Company, Baghdad, 1962. Supreme Commission for Agrarian Reform, Agrarian Reform Laws / Agrarian Reform Law No. 30 of 1958 and its Amendments, and the regulations, instructions, statements issued thereunder and related laws, Al-Ani Press, Baghdad, 1965. The Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate of the General Office, Guide to the agricultural sector in Iraq for the years 1968-1969, Ministry of Agriculture Press, Baghdad, 1970. Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Planing, Central Statistical Organization, Annual Abstract of Statics 1970, Central Statical Organazation Press, Baghdad, 1971. Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Planing, Central Statistical Organization, Results of 1971 Census of Agriculture, Part I, Central Statical Organazation Press, Baghdad, 1973. Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Planing, Central Statistical Organization, Annual Abstract of Statics 1975, Central Statical Organazation Press, Baghdad, 1976. Kurdistan Regional Government, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Names of land owners subject to the laws of Agrarian Reform in the Governorate of Erbil between the years 1958-1975, unpublished statistic. Kurdistan Democratic Party, the Kurdish Liberation Movement, the political report ratified by the Conference Party held in August 1976 and approved by the 9th Conference of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in November 1979, without printing place and date . Kurdistan Democratic Party, Political Bureau, Central Bureau for Studies and research, The Land problem and the reality of agriculture in Iraqi Kurdistan, without printing place, 1996.
- 3. Theses and Dissertations: Al-Bayati, A. (1990). Economic Conditions in Iraq 1932-1939, unpublished M.A Dissertation. Faculty of Arts, University of Baghdad. Ibrahim, I. (2004). Agrarian Reform Policy in Iraq in the Development of the Agricultural Sector 1968-1990. Unpublished M.A Dissertation, The Higher Institute of Political and International Studies. Mustansiriya University. Nuri, A. (1996). Problems of Agricultural Ownership and its Role in Obstructing Agricultural Development in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq for the Years 1991-1995 / Sulaymaniyah Governorate, as a Model, Unpublished M.A Dissertation, Faculty of Administration and Economics. Salahuddin University.
- 4. Books: A. In Arabic: Al-Alwan, A. (1961). Studies in Agrarian Reform. Baghdad. Al-Amiri, R. (2008). Masoud Mohammad and His Political Role in Iraq (1919-1968). A Historical study. Baghdad. Al-Ani, N. (2005). History of the Iraqi Ministries in the Republican era 1958-1968. Baghdad. Al-Atiyah, A. (1965). Agrarian Reform in Iraq and Economic Development. Baghdad. Al-Dahiri, A. (1970). Economics of Agrarian Reform. Baghdad. Al-Hafeed, S. (1993). The Economic Situation in Iraqi Kurdistan and its Most Important Problems. Part II / Economics of Erbil Governorate. Sulaymaniyah. Al-Zubaidi, L. (1979). The Revolution of 14 July 1958 in Iraq. Baghdad. Habib, K. (1976). Studies in Reform and productive agricultural cooperation. Baghdad. Habib, K. Profiles from the Struggle of the National Liberation Movement of the Kurdish people in Iraqi Kurdistan. Erbil. 2005. Kadir, J. (2013). Resolutions of the dissolved Revolution Command Council Relating to Kurds and Kurdistan. Erbil. Karam, A. (1972). About Agrarian Reform / Comparative Study of the Laws of Agrarian Reform in Iraq, Syria and Egypt. Najaf. Mevan, A.The Kurdish National Liberation Movement in Iraqi Kurdistan 1958-1963, Erbil, Education Ministry Press, 2005. Rahma, M. (2000). Agricultural Policies in the Arab Countries. Beirut. Rasoul, I. (2005). Erbil / A Historical Study in its Intellectual and Political Role 1939-1958. Sulaymaniyah. Sabahi, A. (2009). Attitudes about the Agricultural Issue in Iraq. Baghdad. 2009. Sherif, T. personalities remembering. Erbil. Sherzad, Z. (2010). The Revolutionary Command Council of Kurdistan-Iraq 1964-1970. Ageneral Historical- Political Study. Dohuk.
- B.In Kurdish: Barzani, M. (2004). Barzani and the Kurdish Libreration Movement, Part.3, Vol. 1, The September Revolation 1961-1975. Erbil. Edmonds, S. (2004). Kurds, Turks and Arabs, Translated by: Hamid Gauhari. Erbil. Ghafur, A. (2015). The geographical dictionary of Erbil. Erbil. Hariri, N. (2009). Memoirs of Najmadin Mamo Hariri. Erbil. Hay, W.R. (2010). Two years in Kurdistan. Translated by: Luqman Bapir. Erbil. Khoshnaw, Sh. (2012). Erbil between the Years (1958-1963). A study in the Political Condition. Erbil. Mentashashvili, A.M. (2008). The Kurds: A Summary of Social- Economic Relations, Culture and Living, Translated by: Izadden Mustafa Rasul. Duhok. Muhamed, M. (2016). The Journey of My Life. Erbil. Rasul, F. (1997). In a Far and Long Caravan. Stokholm. Taha, H. (2002). The Uprising of the Farmers of Erbil Plain in 1953 as it is. Erbil. 5. Articles and research: Khairy, Z. (September 1975). Issues on Agrarian Reform, Beri nwe (Newspaper). V: (158). Mohammed, A. (2007). Notes on the Law of Agrarian Reform No. 117 of 1970 (effective) and its impact on agriculture in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Tarazw / Arabic Section (Magazine). V: (31).
- 6. Magazines and newspapers: A. newspapers: Al-Waqeeh Al-Iraqia, (1970). Baghdad, Vo: (44), 30 September 1958, Vo: (1884), 30 May Hawkari, (1972). Baghdad, Vo: (110), 1 April Khabat, (1960). Baghdad, Vo: (326), 30 September B. Magazines: Al-Islah Al- Zirahi, (1961). Baghdad, Vo: (12) Al-Thaqafa Al-Jadida, (1969). Baghdad, Vo: (4), July Al-Kadir, (1971). Vo: (9), July Hataw, (1958). Erbil, Vo: (136), 20 May
- 7. Personal Interviews: Arsan, M. (2017). Personal Interview. November 10 Azad, J. (2018). Personal Interview. March 4 Hamen, M. (2017). Personal Interview.July 26 Ismail, Sh. (2017). Personal Interview. July 11. Kamaran, F. (2017). Personal Interview. March 3 Karem, A. (2017). Personal Interview. July 13. Muhamed, D. (2017). Personal Interview. October 2. Said, K. (2017). Personal Interview. July 16.
There are 7 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Makaleler |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | January 25, 2019 |
| Submission Date | October 28, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2019Volume: 5 Issue: 1 |
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