Öz
The Middle East has emerged as a new stage for
Moscow’s increasingly active foreign policy due to its geopolitical relevance,
close proximity to Russian borders, and abundance of energy resources. Although
Russian interests in the Middle East are generally not considered vital and
existential relative to post-Soviet geography and Europe, influence in this
region is still essential for Moscow to regain its superpower status. Russia
employs a combination of hard- and soft-power elements toward Middle Eastern actors.
To this end, the instrumentalization of energy cooperation and arms sales is
crucial for Russia to advance its goals in the region. The Kremlin also
compartmentalizes its relations with almost all regional actors and establishes
business-oriented networks to gain prestige, cultivate political influence, and
benefit financially. After reorganizing the domestic political and economic
power structure, Russian policy-makers have successfully mobilized state-owned
energy and arms companies, such as Rosoboronexport, Rosatom, Rosneft, Gazprom,
and Lukoil, as remarkable pillars of Russian policy toward the Middle East.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- A.S. Sonmez and S. Cobanoglu, “The Use of Energy Resources as Foreign Policy Tools: The Russian Case”, European Scientific Journal, April 2016 edition, vol.12, No.11
- Randall Newnham, “Oil, carrots, and sticks: Russia’s energy resources as a foreign policy tool”, Journal of Eurasian Studies 2 (2011)
- Giedrius Česnakas, “Energy resources as the tools of foreign policy: the case of Russia”, Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review vol. 35 (2016). DOI: 10.1515/lfpr-2016-0002.
- Rem Korteweg, “Energy as a tool of foreign policy of authoritarian states, in particular Russia”, EU Parliament Think Tank Report, last modified on April 27, 2018, available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EXPO_STU(2018)603868
- R. Nistico, V. Bove and C. Deiana, “Global arms trade and oil dependence”, Journal of Law Economics and Organization 34(2) · February 2018, pp. 272–299.
- M. Duric and T. Lansford, “US-Russian Competition in the Middle East: Convergences and Divergences in Foreign Security Policy”, in J. Covarrubias and T. Lansford (Eds.), Strategic Interests in the Middle East: Opposition and Support for US Foreign Policy, (New York: Routledge).
- Alexey Malashenko, Russia and the Arab Spring, (Moscow: Carnegie Moscow Center,2013),.
- Dmitry Trenin, ”Russia in the Middle East: Moscow’s Objectives, Priorities, and Policy Drivers”, Carnegie Moscow Center (April 5, 2016), retrieved January 20, 2019 from https://carnegie.ru/2016/04/05/russia-in-middle-east-moscow-s-objectives-priorities-and-policy-drivers-pub-63244 .
- Anna Borshchevskaya, Russia in the Middle East: Motives, Consequences, Prospects. (Washington: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy - Policy Focus, 2016),.
- Paul Stronski, and Richard Sokolsky, The Return of Global Russia: An Analytical Framework. (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Paper, 2017),.
- Alexander Shumilin, Russia’s Diplomacy in the Middle East: Back to Geopolitics, Institut français des relations internationals (IFRI), (May 1, 2016), retrieved January 21, 2019 from https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/rnv93_version_uk_final_protege.pdf .
- James Sladden, Becca Wasser, Ben Connable, and Sarah Grand-Clement, Russian Strategy in the Middle East. (Washington: RAND Corporation - Perspective Paper, 2017).
- Ian Bremmer and Samuel Charap, “The Siloviki in Putin's Russia: Who They Are and What They Want”, The Washington Quarterly, 2007, 30:1, pp. 83–92, DOI: 10.1162/wash.2006-07.30.1.83.
- Vanand Meliksetian, “Rosneft’s Middle East Strategy Explained”, Oilprice, (November 10, 2018), retrieved January 18, 2019 from https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/Rosnefts-Middle-East-Strategy-Explained.html.
- Dmitry Zhdannikov, “The great Russian oil game in Iraqi Kurdistan”. Reuters, (April 19, 2018), retrieved January 11, 2019 from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rosneft-iraq-insight/the-great-russian-oil-game-in-iraqi-kurdistan-idUSKBN1HQ1R3 ; Meliksetian, “Rosneft’s Middle East Strategy Explained”.
- Rosneft Annual Report -2017, Rosneft (2017), pp. 159–160, retrieved from https://www.rosneft.com/upload/site2/document_file/a_report_2017_eng.pdf.
- Carole Nakhle, “Russia’s energy diplomacy in the Middle East”, in N.Popescu and S. Secrieru (Eds.), Russia’s Return to the Middle East: Building Sandcastles? (Chaillot Paper No: 146, July 2018),.
- Nikita Minin and Tomas Vlcek, “Determinants and Considerations of Rosatom’s External Strategy”, Energy Strategy Reviews, Vol. 17 (September 2017), pp. 37–44.
- Louis-Marie Clouet, Rosoboronexport, Spearhead of the Russian Arms Industry. (Paris: IFRI Russia Report, Russie.nei.Visions No: 22, 2007).
- Richard Connoly and Cecilie Sendstad, Russia’s Role as an Arms Exporter: The Strategic and Economic Importance of Arms Exports for Russia. (London: Chatham House - Research Paper, 2017).
- “SIPRI Yearbook 2018: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security”, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), (2018), retrieved January 15, 2019 from https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-06/yb_18_summary_en_0.pdf.
- Vladimir Putin, “Annual Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation”, (April 25, 2005), retrieved January 2, 2019 from http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/22931.
- Grubliauskas, Julijus and Rühle, Michael (2018). Energy security: a critical concern for Allies and partners. NATO Review, (July 26, 20118), retrieved January 21, 2020 from https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2018/07/26/energy-security-a-critical-concern-for-allies-and-partners/index.html
Öz
The Middle East has emerged as a new stage for
Moscow’s increasingly active foreign policy due to its geopolitical relevance,
close proximity to Russian borders, and abundance of energy resources. Although
Russian interests in the Middle East are generally not considered vital and
existential relative to post-Soviet geography and Europe, influence in this
region is still essential for Moscow to regain its superpower status. Russia
employs a combination of hard- and soft-power elements toward Middle Eastern actors.
To this end, the instrumentalization of energy cooperation and arms sales is
crucial for Russia to advance its goals in the region. The Kremlin also
compartmentalizes its relations with almost all regional actors and establishes
business-oriented networks to gain prestige, cultivate political influence, and
benefit financially. After reorganizing the domestic political and economic
power structure, Russian policy-makers have successfully mobilized state-owned
energy and arms companies, such as Rosoboronexport, Rosatom, Rosneft, Gazprom,
and Lukoil, as remarkable pillars of Russian policy toward the Middle East.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- A.S. Sonmez and S. Cobanoglu, “The Use of Energy Resources as Foreign Policy Tools: The Russian Case”, European Scientific Journal, April 2016 edition, vol.12, No.11
- Randall Newnham, “Oil, carrots, and sticks: Russia’s energy resources as a foreign policy tool”, Journal of Eurasian Studies 2 (2011)
- Giedrius Česnakas, “Energy resources as the tools of foreign policy: the case of Russia”, Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review vol. 35 (2016). DOI: 10.1515/lfpr-2016-0002.
- Rem Korteweg, “Energy as a tool of foreign policy of authoritarian states, in particular Russia”, EU Parliament Think Tank Report, last modified on April 27, 2018, available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EXPO_STU(2018)603868
- R. Nistico, V. Bove and C. Deiana, “Global arms trade and oil dependence”, Journal of Law Economics and Organization 34(2) · February 2018, pp. 272–299.
- M. Duric and T. Lansford, “US-Russian Competition in the Middle East: Convergences and Divergences in Foreign Security Policy”, in J. Covarrubias and T. Lansford (Eds.), Strategic Interests in the Middle East: Opposition and Support for US Foreign Policy, (New York: Routledge).
- Alexey Malashenko, Russia and the Arab Spring, (Moscow: Carnegie Moscow Center,2013),.
- Dmitry Trenin, ”Russia in the Middle East: Moscow’s Objectives, Priorities, and Policy Drivers”, Carnegie Moscow Center (April 5, 2016), retrieved January 20, 2019 from https://carnegie.ru/2016/04/05/russia-in-middle-east-moscow-s-objectives-priorities-and-policy-drivers-pub-63244 .
- Anna Borshchevskaya, Russia in the Middle East: Motives, Consequences, Prospects. (Washington: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy - Policy Focus, 2016),.
- Paul Stronski, and Richard Sokolsky, The Return of Global Russia: An Analytical Framework. (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Paper, 2017),.
- Alexander Shumilin, Russia’s Diplomacy in the Middle East: Back to Geopolitics, Institut français des relations internationals (IFRI), (May 1, 2016), retrieved January 21, 2019 from https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/rnv93_version_uk_final_protege.pdf .
- James Sladden, Becca Wasser, Ben Connable, and Sarah Grand-Clement, Russian Strategy in the Middle East. (Washington: RAND Corporation - Perspective Paper, 2017).
- Ian Bremmer and Samuel Charap, “The Siloviki in Putin's Russia: Who They Are and What They Want”, The Washington Quarterly, 2007, 30:1, pp. 83–92, DOI: 10.1162/wash.2006-07.30.1.83.
- Vanand Meliksetian, “Rosneft’s Middle East Strategy Explained”, Oilprice, (November 10, 2018), retrieved January 18, 2019 from https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/Rosnefts-Middle-East-Strategy-Explained.html.
- Dmitry Zhdannikov, “The great Russian oil game in Iraqi Kurdistan”. Reuters, (April 19, 2018), retrieved January 11, 2019 from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rosneft-iraq-insight/the-great-russian-oil-game-in-iraqi-kurdistan-idUSKBN1HQ1R3 ; Meliksetian, “Rosneft’s Middle East Strategy Explained”.
- Rosneft Annual Report -2017, Rosneft (2017), pp. 159–160, retrieved from https://www.rosneft.com/upload/site2/document_file/a_report_2017_eng.pdf.
- Carole Nakhle, “Russia’s energy diplomacy in the Middle East”, in N.Popescu and S. Secrieru (Eds.), Russia’s Return to the Middle East: Building Sandcastles? (Chaillot Paper No: 146, July 2018),.
- Nikita Minin and Tomas Vlcek, “Determinants and Considerations of Rosatom’s External Strategy”, Energy Strategy Reviews, Vol. 17 (September 2017), pp. 37–44.
- Louis-Marie Clouet, Rosoboronexport, Spearhead of the Russian Arms Industry. (Paris: IFRI Russia Report, Russie.nei.Visions No: 22, 2007).
- Richard Connoly and Cecilie Sendstad, Russia’s Role as an Arms Exporter: The Strategic and Economic Importance of Arms Exports for Russia. (London: Chatham House - Research Paper, 2017).
- “SIPRI Yearbook 2018: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security”, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), (2018), retrieved January 15, 2019 from https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-06/yb_18_summary_en_0.pdf.
- Vladimir Putin, “Annual Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation”, (April 25, 2005), retrieved January 2, 2019 from http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/22931.
- Grubliauskas, Julijus and Rühle, Michael (2018). Energy security: a critical concern for Allies and partners. NATO Review, (July 26, 20118), retrieved January 21, 2020 from https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2018/07/26/energy-security-a-critical-concern-for-allies-and-partners/index.html
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 25 Ocak 2020 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 5 Ocak 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 |
NOTICE: All submissions will be accepted through the Manuscript Submission System. Please click on http://ijoks.com/ and register to submit a paper.