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Mediation in Intra-State and Inter-State Conflicts

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 41 - 64, 25.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.21600/ijoks.791930

Öz

This study aims to examine mediation as a conflict resolution tool at a conceptual and theoretical level. After making some basic assumptions about mediation, it discusses who or which organizations can mediate between the parties to a conflict. Subsequently, it seeks to answer why mediation is a particularly suitable method in conflict transformation and peace building. To do so, it uses Zartman’s concept of “mutually hurting stalemate” taking into consideration the nature and content of the conflict. The questions of what basic needs are met through mediation mechanism, at what stage of conflicts it might be effective and under what conditions the parties accept it will be reviewed around the notions "ripe moment" and "pre-negotiation phase". In the study, some mediation models such as neutral/impartial, mediators with muscle, internal-external and facilitation will also be analysed in the context of the conflict to which they are related. In the last part, the extent to which mediation can be considered successful will be studied from a normative perspective. The study basically argues that mediation effectively overcome the impasse created by the deep distrust between the parties and creates a constructive dialogue. When applied with the right method in the “ripe moment”, mediation produces provisionary solutions and contributes to a sustainable peace that the parties to the conflict will achieve by eliminating conflict’s root causes with their own efforts.

Kaynakça

  • Anadolu Ajansı, “Azerbaycan Cumhurbaşbanı Aliyev: 30 yıl daha bekleyecek vaktimiz yok”, 3 Ekim 2020, Web sitesi için, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/azerbaycan-cephe-hatti/azerbaycan-cumhurbaskani-aliyev-30-yil-daha-bekleyecek-vaktimiz-yok/1994132.
  • Ateş, Safiye. “Barış Çalışmalarında Alternatif Bir Güzergah: Sembol ve Sembolizmin Politik Kullanımı”, International Journal of Kurdish Studies, Vol. 4 (1), (2018), ss. 269-283.
  • Baker, A. James. (1999). “The Road to Madrid”, Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson, Pamela R. Aall (Haz./Ed.), Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World, US Institute of Peace Press, ss.183-205.
  • Bartoli, Andrea. (1999). “Mediating Peace in Mozambique” Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson, Pamela R. Aal (Haz./Ed.), Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World, US Institute of Peace Press, s.245-273. BBC News Türkçe Servisi, “Dağlık Karabağ: Azerbaycan ve Ermenistan’ın askeri kapasiteleri ne?” 1 Ekim 2020, Web Sitesi için, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-54368944.
  • Bercovitch, Jacob. ve Scott Sigmund Gartner. (2008). “Is There Method in the Madness of Mediation? Some Lessons for Mediators from Quantitative Studies of Mediation”, Bercovitch, Jacob ve Scott Sigmund Gartner (Haz./Ed.), Internationational Conflict Mediation: New Approaches and Findings, Routledge, ss.19-42.
  • Bercovitch, Jacob. (2009). “Mediation and Conflict Resolution”, Bercovitch, Jacob, Victor Kremenyuk, I. William Zartman (Haz./Ed.), The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution, SAGE Publications, ss.340-354.
  • Bercovitch, Jacob (1992). “The Structures and Diversity of Mediation in International Relations.” J. Bercovitch and J. Z. Rubin, (Haz./Ed.), Mediation in International Relations: Multiple Approaches to Conflict Managements. New York: St. Martin’s Press, ss.6-29.
  • Bercovitch, Jacob ve Gerald Schneider, Who Mediates? The Political Economy of International Conflict Management, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 37, No. 2 (Mar., 2000), ss.145-165.
  • Bercovitch, Jacob ve Richard Jackson. (2009). Conflict Resolution in the Twenty-first Century: Principles, Methods and Approaches, University of Michigan Press, 2009.
  • Boulding, Kenneth Ewart. (1978). Stable Peace, University of Texas Press.
  • Burton, John ve Frank Dukes. (1990). Conflict: Practices in Management, Settlement & Resolution, St.Martin’s Press.
  • Burton, John. (1990). Conflict: Resolution and Provention, New York: St. Martin's Press.
  • Burton, John W. (1996) Conflict Resolution: Its Language and Processes, Inc. Lanham, London: The Scarecrow Press. Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson ve Pamela R. Aall. (1999). Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World, US Institute of Peace Press.
  • Çiçek, Cuma. (2018). Süreç: Kürt Çatışması ve Çözüm Arayışları, İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları.
  • De Chastelain, John. (1999). “The Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland”, Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson, Pamela R. Aall (Haz./ Ed.), Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World, US Institute of Peace Press, ss.431-468.
  • Deutsche Welle, “Mitchell Havlu Attı”, 14 Mayıs 2011, Web sitesi için, http://www.dw.de/mitchell-havlu-att%C4%B1/a-15075919
  • Egeland, Jan. (1999), “The Oslo Accord: Multiparty Facilitation through the Norwegian Channel”, Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson, Pamela R. Aall (Haz./ Ed.), Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World, US Institute of Peace Press, ss.527-546.
  • Greig, J. Michael. (2005).“Stepping into the Fray: When Do Mediators Mediate?”, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 49, No. 2 (Nisan), ss.249-266.
  • Grieg, J. Michael ve Paul F. Diehl. (2012). International Mediation, Cambridge, UK ; Malden, MA : Polity.
  • Horowitz, Sara. (2007). “Mediation”, Webel, Charles ve Johan Galtung (Haz./Ed.), Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies, London ; New York : Routledge, ss.51-63.
  • Itçaina, Xabier. (2011). “The Power of Powerlessness: Religious Actors‘ Peaceful Mediation in the Basque Conflict”, Jacques Faget (Haz./Ed.) Mediation in Political Conflict, Soft Power or Counter Culture? Oxford; Portland, Or.: Hart, 2011.ss 65-88.
  • Kleiboer, Marieke. (1996). “Understanding Success and Failure of International Mediation”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, June, vol. 40, no. 2, ss. 360-389.
  • Kılavuz, İdir Tunçer. (2017). “Dağlık Karabağ Müzakerelerinin Geleceği”, Avrasya Etüdleri, ss.51-78.
  • Kurubaş, Erol. 2009. “Etnik Grup-Devlet İlişkilerinin Sorunsallaşması ve Aktör Tutumlarındaki Açmazlar: Türkiye’deki Kürt Sorunu Örneği”, Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, Cilt, Sayı 50, ss.19-53.
  • Lederach, John Paul. (1997). Peace and Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies, United States Institute of Peace (USIP), USA.
  • Mitchell, Christopher. (2003). “Mediation and the Ending Conflicts” John Darby ve Roger Mac Ginty (Haz./Ed.) Contemporary Peacemaking: Conflict, Violence and Peace Processes, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Modelski, George. (1964). “International Settlement of Internal War”, James Rosenau, (Haz./Ed.), International Aspects of Civil Strife. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964, ss.122-153.
  • Moore, Christopher W. (2003). The Mediation Process: Practical Strategies for Resolving Conflict, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Oberschall, Anthony. (2007). Conflict and Peace Building in Divided Societies: Responses to Ethnic Violence, New York: Routledge.
  • Princen, Thomas. (1992). Intermediaries in International Conflict, Princeton University Press.
  • Richmond, Oliver (1998). “Devious Objectives and the Disputants' View of International Mediation: A Theoretical Framework”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 35, No. 6 (November), ss. 707-722.
  • Saunders, H. Harold. (1999). “The Multilevel Peace Process in Tajikistan”, Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson, Pamela R. Aall (Haz./ Ed.), Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World, US Institute of Peace Press, ss. 159-179.
  • Skjelsbæk, Kjell. (1991). “The UN Secretary-General and the Mediation of International Disputes”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 28, No. 1, Special Issue on International Mediation, Şubat, ss. 99-105.
  • Sinkaya, Bayram. (2010). “ İran’ın Nükleer Programı Karşısında Türkiye’nin Tutumu ve Uranyum Takası Mutabakatı”, Ortadoğu Analiz, Cilt 2, Sayı 18, ss.66-79.
  • Touval, Saadia. (1982). The Peace Brokers: Mediators in the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1948–1979, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Wallensteen, Peter. (2012). Understanding Conflict Resolution, SAGE publications. Wehr, Paul ve John Paul Lederach. (1991). “Mediating Conflict in Central America”, Journal of Peace Research, 28 (1), ss. 85-98.
  • Wilkenfeld, Jonathan, Kathleen J. Young, David M. Quinn ve Victor Asal. (2005). Mediating International Crises, Routledge.
  • Yarrow, C.H. Mike. (1978). Quaker Experiences in International Conciliation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Young, R. Oran. (1967). The intermediaries: Third Parties in International Crises, Princeton University Press.
  • Zartman, I.William. (1989), “Prenegotiations: Phases and Functions”, Stein, J.G. (Haz./Ed.), Getting to the Table: The Process of International Pre-negotiation, London: The John Hopkins University Press, ss. 1-17.
  • Zartman, I. William. (2001). ‘’The Timing of Peace Initiatives: Hurting Stalemates and Ripe Moments”, The Global Review of Ethnopolitics, Vol. 1, no. 1, September, ss.8-18.

Mediation in Intra-State and Inter-State Conflicts

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 41 - 64, 25.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.21600/ijoks.791930

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, değişik düzeylerde cereyan eden devlet içi ve uluslararası çatışmalara üçüncü taraflarca müdahale edilmesi ve ihtilaf giderme-azaltma süreçlerinin yürütülmesi açısından önemli bir yere sahip olduğu varsayılan arabuluculuk mekanizmasını kavramsal ve teorik düzeyde tahlil etmektir. Makale, arabuluculuğun temel bazı varsayımlarına değindikten sonra kimlerin ya da hangi kurumların arabuluculuk faaliyeti yürütme kapasitesine sahip oldukları tartışmasını yapmaktadır. Müteakiben, arabuluculuğa neden ihtiyaç duyulduğu konusu çatışmaların içeriği ve özgün koşulları göz önünde bulundurularak “çıkmaz yol” kavramı aracılığıyla incelenmektedir. Arabuluculuk faaliyetinin çatışan tarafların hangi temel ihtiyaçlarını giderdiği, çatışmaların hangi aşamasında gerekli olduğu ve taraflarca neden kabul edildiği gibi hususlar ise “koşulların olgunlaşması” ve “müzakere öncesi dönem” ekseni etrafında ele alınmaktadır. Öte yandan, tarafsız, güce dayalı, dahili/harici ve kolaylaştırıcı gibi arabuluculuk modelleri bazı vakalar eşliğinde tahlil edilmektedir. Çalışmanın son kısmında ise arabuluculuğun hangi durumlarda başarılı olabileceği konusu bazı öneriler ışığında normatif bir bakış açısı ile ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmada, bilhassa uzun süreli çatışmalar sonucunda taraflar arasında oluşan güvensizliğin yarattığı çıkmazın aşılması ve diyalog-müzakere ortamı yaratılması bakımından arabuluculuğun fonksiyonel olduğu sonucuna varılmaktadır. Doğru zaman ve doğru yöntem tatbik edildiği takdirde, arabuluculuk mekanizması yalnızca arızi çözümlerin üretilmesine yönelik değil, tarafların çatışmanın belirleyici nedenlerini bizatihi kendi perspektifleriyle bertaraf ederek uzun vadede ulaşacakları adil ve sürdürülebilir bir barışa katkı sunma işlevi görebilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Anadolu Ajansı, “Azerbaycan Cumhurbaşbanı Aliyev: 30 yıl daha bekleyecek vaktimiz yok”, 3 Ekim 2020, Web sitesi için, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/azerbaycan-cephe-hatti/azerbaycan-cumhurbaskani-aliyev-30-yil-daha-bekleyecek-vaktimiz-yok/1994132.
  • Ateş, Safiye. “Barış Çalışmalarında Alternatif Bir Güzergah: Sembol ve Sembolizmin Politik Kullanımı”, International Journal of Kurdish Studies, Vol. 4 (1), (2018), ss. 269-283.
  • Baker, A. James. (1999). “The Road to Madrid”, Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson, Pamela R. Aall (Haz./Ed.), Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World, US Institute of Peace Press, ss.183-205.
  • Bartoli, Andrea. (1999). “Mediating Peace in Mozambique” Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson, Pamela R. Aal (Haz./Ed.), Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World, US Institute of Peace Press, s.245-273. BBC News Türkçe Servisi, “Dağlık Karabağ: Azerbaycan ve Ermenistan’ın askeri kapasiteleri ne?” 1 Ekim 2020, Web Sitesi için, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-54368944.
  • Bercovitch, Jacob. ve Scott Sigmund Gartner. (2008). “Is There Method in the Madness of Mediation? Some Lessons for Mediators from Quantitative Studies of Mediation”, Bercovitch, Jacob ve Scott Sigmund Gartner (Haz./Ed.), Internationational Conflict Mediation: New Approaches and Findings, Routledge, ss.19-42.
  • Bercovitch, Jacob. (2009). “Mediation and Conflict Resolution”, Bercovitch, Jacob, Victor Kremenyuk, I. William Zartman (Haz./Ed.), The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution, SAGE Publications, ss.340-354.
  • Bercovitch, Jacob (1992). “The Structures and Diversity of Mediation in International Relations.” J. Bercovitch and J. Z. Rubin, (Haz./Ed.), Mediation in International Relations: Multiple Approaches to Conflict Managements. New York: St. Martin’s Press, ss.6-29.
  • Bercovitch, Jacob ve Gerald Schneider, Who Mediates? The Political Economy of International Conflict Management, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 37, No. 2 (Mar., 2000), ss.145-165.
  • Bercovitch, Jacob ve Richard Jackson. (2009). Conflict Resolution in the Twenty-first Century: Principles, Methods and Approaches, University of Michigan Press, 2009.
  • Boulding, Kenneth Ewart. (1978). Stable Peace, University of Texas Press.
  • Burton, John ve Frank Dukes. (1990). Conflict: Practices in Management, Settlement & Resolution, St.Martin’s Press.
  • Burton, John. (1990). Conflict: Resolution and Provention, New York: St. Martin's Press.
  • Burton, John W. (1996) Conflict Resolution: Its Language and Processes, Inc. Lanham, London: The Scarecrow Press. Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson ve Pamela R. Aall. (1999). Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World, US Institute of Peace Press.
  • Çiçek, Cuma. (2018). Süreç: Kürt Çatışması ve Çözüm Arayışları, İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları.
  • De Chastelain, John. (1999). “The Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland”, Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson, Pamela R. Aall (Haz./ Ed.), Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World, US Institute of Peace Press, ss.431-468.
  • Deutsche Welle, “Mitchell Havlu Attı”, 14 Mayıs 2011, Web sitesi için, http://www.dw.de/mitchell-havlu-att%C4%B1/a-15075919
  • Egeland, Jan. (1999), “The Oslo Accord: Multiparty Facilitation through the Norwegian Channel”, Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson, Pamela R. Aall (Haz./ Ed.), Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World, US Institute of Peace Press, ss.527-546.
  • Greig, J. Michael. (2005).“Stepping into the Fray: When Do Mediators Mediate?”, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 49, No. 2 (Nisan), ss.249-266.
  • Grieg, J. Michael ve Paul F. Diehl. (2012). International Mediation, Cambridge, UK ; Malden, MA : Polity.
  • Horowitz, Sara. (2007). “Mediation”, Webel, Charles ve Johan Galtung (Haz./Ed.), Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies, London ; New York : Routledge, ss.51-63.
  • Itçaina, Xabier. (2011). “The Power of Powerlessness: Religious Actors‘ Peaceful Mediation in the Basque Conflict”, Jacques Faget (Haz./Ed.) Mediation in Political Conflict, Soft Power or Counter Culture? Oxford; Portland, Or.: Hart, 2011.ss 65-88.
  • Kleiboer, Marieke. (1996). “Understanding Success and Failure of International Mediation”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, June, vol. 40, no. 2, ss. 360-389.
  • Kılavuz, İdir Tunçer. (2017). “Dağlık Karabağ Müzakerelerinin Geleceği”, Avrasya Etüdleri, ss.51-78.
  • Kurubaş, Erol. 2009. “Etnik Grup-Devlet İlişkilerinin Sorunsallaşması ve Aktör Tutumlarındaki Açmazlar: Türkiye’deki Kürt Sorunu Örneği”, Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, Cilt, Sayı 50, ss.19-53.
  • Lederach, John Paul. (1997). Peace and Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies, United States Institute of Peace (USIP), USA.
  • Mitchell, Christopher. (2003). “Mediation and the Ending Conflicts” John Darby ve Roger Mac Ginty (Haz./Ed.) Contemporary Peacemaking: Conflict, Violence and Peace Processes, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Modelski, George. (1964). “International Settlement of Internal War”, James Rosenau, (Haz./Ed.), International Aspects of Civil Strife. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964, ss.122-153.
  • Moore, Christopher W. (2003). The Mediation Process: Practical Strategies for Resolving Conflict, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Oberschall, Anthony. (2007). Conflict and Peace Building in Divided Societies: Responses to Ethnic Violence, New York: Routledge.
  • Princen, Thomas. (1992). Intermediaries in International Conflict, Princeton University Press.
  • Richmond, Oliver (1998). “Devious Objectives and the Disputants' View of International Mediation: A Theoretical Framework”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 35, No. 6 (November), ss. 707-722.
  • Saunders, H. Harold. (1999). “The Multilevel Peace Process in Tajikistan”, Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson, Pamela R. Aall (Haz./ Ed.), Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World, US Institute of Peace Press, ss. 159-179.
  • Skjelsbæk, Kjell. (1991). “The UN Secretary-General and the Mediation of International Disputes”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 28, No. 1, Special Issue on International Mediation, Şubat, ss. 99-105.
  • Sinkaya, Bayram. (2010). “ İran’ın Nükleer Programı Karşısında Türkiye’nin Tutumu ve Uranyum Takası Mutabakatı”, Ortadoğu Analiz, Cilt 2, Sayı 18, ss.66-79.
  • Touval, Saadia. (1982). The Peace Brokers: Mediators in the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1948–1979, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Wallensteen, Peter. (2012). Understanding Conflict Resolution, SAGE publications. Wehr, Paul ve John Paul Lederach. (1991). “Mediating Conflict in Central America”, Journal of Peace Research, 28 (1), ss. 85-98.
  • Wilkenfeld, Jonathan, Kathleen J. Young, David M. Quinn ve Victor Asal. (2005). Mediating International Crises, Routledge.
  • Yarrow, C.H. Mike. (1978). Quaker Experiences in International Conciliation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Young, R. Oran. (1967). The intermediaries: Third Parties in International Crises, Princeton University Press.
  • Zartman, I.William. (1989), “Prenegotiations: Phases and Functions”, Stein, J.G. (Haz./Ed.), Getting to the Table: The Process of International Pre-negotiation, London: The John Hopkins University Press, ss. 1-17.
  • Zartman, I. William. (2001). ‘’The Timing of Peace Initiatives: Hurting Stalemates and Ripe Moments”, The Global Review of Ethnopolitics, Vol. 1, no. 1, September, ss.8-18.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Muttalip Çağlayan 0000-0003-1252-2335

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Ocak 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Eylül 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çağlayan, M. (2021). Mediation in Intra-State and Inter-State Conflicts. International Journal of Kurdish Studies, 7(1), 41-64. https://doi.org/10.21600/ijoks.791930


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